The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) released a report mapping the global upstream supply chain behind the US chip ecosystem: of the roughly $27 billion in equipment and materials US semiconductor firms buy each year, 95% comes from suppliers headquartered in the US, Europe and Japan, but measured by actual production or assembly location that share falls to 68%, with reliance on mainland China, Israel, Southeast Asia, South Korea and Taiwan rising to 32%. Using a five-factor "vulnerability index" across 200 Tier-1 inputs and nearly 100 upstream inputs, SIA found about half of Tier-1 categories rate high (11%) or medium (38) vulnerability, nearly one-third of upstream inputs are highly vulnerable, and when sub-tier dependencies are counted, more than three-quarters of Tier-1 categories link to at least one highly vulnerable upstream input. The report recommends expanding domestic capacity and strategic stockpiles, securing allied supply, reducing dependence on rare earths and critical minerals, and funding materials-science and recycling research.

Semiconductor Industry Association·U.S. Department of Commerce·CHIPS Program Office·+4