Apple 研究：用户自撰个人感知系统中的本体边界协商
Apple 机器学习研究团队与斯坦福大学的研究者发表论文《Negotiating Ontological Boundaries in User-Authored Personal Sensing Systems》。他们设计了两个采用“绿野仙踪”（Wizard of Oz）技术的开放式探针，让参与者体验训练一个针对自己定义现象的个性化机器学习系统，并进行为期一周的探索性研究。作者识别出四个发生本体边界协商的场所：现象的边界、主体作为关系中的一部分、何为信号何为噪声，以及数据的客观性，并提出通过设计支持边界协商的起点。
为什么重要：它提醒人们，可被用户自撰的 AI 系统不应只用“好不好用、是否有用、技术是否可行”来评判，本体层面的边界协商同样值得设计考量。
research area Human-Computer Interaction
content type paperpublished October 2026
Negotiating Ontological Boundaries in User-Authored Personal Sensing Systems
AuthorsNava Haghighi†**, Danielle Olson, Halden Lin**, Erdrin Azemi, Gierad Laput, Kayur Patel**, James Landay†
Designed artifacts are ontological, shaping, and at times limiting, what becomes possible or imaginable. One path toward mitigating such foreclosures is giving people power over how systems are designed and built. Despite decades of scholarship around systems that enable such authorship, these systems are often evaluated on whether or not they are usable, useful, or technically feasible, leaving questions of ontological boundary negotiation, unexamined. We design two open-ended probes that utilize a Wizard of Oz technique to enable the experience of training a personalized machine learning system on phenomena people define themselves. In a week-long exploratory study, participants use one of two probes in the course of their everyday lives. We identify four sites where ontological boundaries were negotiated; the boundaries of a phenomena, the subject as part of relations, what is signal and what is noise, and the objectivity of data. We offer starting points for supporting boundary negotiation through design and discuss open-ended probes as a method for ontological design.
- † Stanford University
- ** Work done while at Apple
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